Paul Vaaler

Paul Vaaler

  • John and Bruce Mooty Chair in Law and Business
412 Mondale Hall

Degrees

  • Carleton College, B.A.
  • Oxford University, M.A.
  • Harvard University, J.D.
  • University of Minnesota, Ph.D.

Expertise

  • Antitrust & Trade Regulation
  • Business Law
  • Comparative Corporate Governance
  • Corporate Governance
  • Empirical Legal Studies
Show all

Professor Paul M. Vaaler is the inaugural holder of the John and Bruce Mooty Chair in Law and Business, a joint faculty appointment of the Law School and Carlson School of Management. Prior to joining the University of Minnesota faculty in 2007, he was on the faculty of the College of Business (and affiliated with the College of Law) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and at Tufts University’s Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Professor Vaaler has held affiliated faculty appointments at the University of Oxford’s Saïd Business School, where he was the Sanjaya Lall Visiting Professor of Business and Development in 2012 and at the Universities of Pretoria and Limpopo (South Africa) where he was a Fulbright Scholar in 2019-2020.

Professor Vaaler’s research and teaching interests lie at the intersection of business, law, and politics.

He studies how foreign investors manage risks related to policy reforms in developing countries: how foreign investors vary investment during election periods; when foreign investors include host-country governments as co-investors in large projects; how migrants remit money and ideas to fund and found new ventures back home. More recently, he has innovated the concept of “discriminatory product differentiation” –how firms design products appealing to discriminatory customer preferences and owner tastes— and documented broad-sample statistical evidence of this practice by international airlines and airline alliances serving developing countries.

Professor Vaaler earned his B.A. in history from Carleton College in Northfield, Minn., and his M.A. in philosophy, politics and economics from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. While studying for his J.D. at Harvard Law School, Professor Vaaler clerked at the Freehill Hollingdale & Page law firm in Sydney, Australia, at the Minnesota attorney general’s office in St. Paul, and at the Faegre & Benson law firm (now Faegre Baker Daniels) in Minneapolis. He then practiced at Faegre & Benson prior to returning to graduate school for his Ph.D. in strategic management from the University of Minnesota.

Professor Vaaler is the author, co-author or co-editor of more than 50 books, articles in academic journals and proceedings, book chapters, edited scholarly volumes, and technical reports. His articles have appeared in Academy of Management Journal, Economics Letters, Journal of Business Venturing, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of International Management, Journal of International Money and Finance, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of World Business, Organization Science, Review of Development Economics, Strategy Science, and Strategic Management Journal, among other academic journals. He serves on the editorial board of Global Strategy Journal, is a senior area editor at the Journal of International Business Policy, a consulting editor at the Journal of World Business, and co-editor of the Social Science Research Network’s electronic journal Global Business Issues.

Professor Vaaler has been a regulator commentator on current business and legal issues for  "WCCO News Talk 830 Radio."

International Business Transactions


International Trade


Complex and Cross-Cultural Negotiations


Essentials of Business for Lawyers - 1L


Essentials of Business for Lawyers


Essentials of Business


Law of Business Organizations


Books

The Ethical Professor: A Practical Guide to Research, Teaching and Professional Life (Routledge, 2018)
(with
Lorraine Eden
and
Kathy Lund Dean
)
Creative Destruction: Business Survival and Success in the Global Internet Economy (MIT Press, 2001); translated into Japanese (Toyo-Kezai Press, 2003) and Chinese (Central-South University Press, 2007) (co-editor)
(with
Lee W. McKnight
and
Raul Katz
)
Financial Innovations and the Welfare of Nations: How Cross-Border Transfers of Financial Innovations Nurture Emerging Capital Markets (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001) (co-editor)
(with
Laurent L. Jacque
)

Journal Articles

Populist Politics and International Business Policy: Problems, Practices, and Prescriptions for MNEs and Their Regulators, Journal of International Business Policy (published online Feb. 2, 2024)
(with
Christopher A. Hartwell
,
Barclay James
,
Thomas Lindner
and
Jakob Müllner
)
Discussion, Debate and Dissent about Investment and Sustainable Development at the 2023 World Investment Forum, 30 Transnational Corporations 101-108 (2023)
Do US State Breach Notification Laws Decrease Firm Data Breaches? 19 Review of Law & Economics 263-316 (2023)
(with
Brad Greenwood
)
Managing, Theorizing, and Policymaking in an Age of Sociopolitical Uncertainty, 6 Journal of International Business Policy 133-140 (2023)
(with
Tim Devinney
,
Christopher Hartwell
and
Jennifer Oetzel
)
Theorizing International Business in Africa: A Roadmap, 6 Journal of International Business Policy 389–407 (2023)
(with
Helena Barnard
and
Kenneth Amaeshi
)
Corporate Governance and MNE Strategies in Emerging Economies, 54 Journal of World Business 234-243 (2019)
(with
Sumon Bhaumik
,
Nigel Driffield
,
Ajai Gaur
and
Tomasz Mickiewicz
)
Discriminatory Product Differentiation: The Case of Israel's Omission from Airline Route Maps, 4 Strategy Science 653-677 (2019)
(with
Joel Waldfogel
)
Explaining the Rise of Diaspora Institutions, 45 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 492-516 (2019)
(with
Alan Gamlen
and
Michael E. Cummings
)
Migrants, Migration Policies, and International Business Research: Current Trends and New Directions, 2 Journal of International Business Policy 275–288 (2019)
(with
Helena Barnard
,
David Deeds
and
Ram Mudambi
)
Minority Rules: Credible State Ownership and Investment Risk Around the World, 29 Organization Science 653-677 (2018)
(with
Barclay E. James
)
Experience, Equity and Foreign Investment Risk:  A PIC Perspective, 57 Management International Review 209-241 (2017)
(with
Barclay E. James
)
Organizational Slack, National Institutions and Innovation Effort Around the World, 52 Journal of World Business 782-797 (2017)
(with
Joel Malen
)
How Do Plural-Sourcing Firms Make and Buy? The Impact of Supplier Portfolio Design, 27 Organization Science 1161-1182 (2016)
(with
Mari Sako
and
George Chondrakis
)
Economic Informality and the Venture Funding Impact of Migrant Remittances to Developing Countries, 30 Journal of Business Venturing 526-545 (2015)
(with
Candace Martinez
and
Michael E. Cummings
)
Minority Rules: State Ownership and Foreign Direct Investment Risk Mitigation Strategy, Columbia FDI Perspectives, no.111 (Dec. 23, 2013)
(with
Barclay James
)
Credit Rating Agencies and Elections in Emerging Democracies: Guardians of Fiscal Discipline?, 119 Economics Letters 251-254 (2013)
(with
Marek Hanusch
)
Diaspora Concentration and the Venture Investment Impact of Remittances, 19 Journal of International Management 26-46 (2013)
How Well Do Supranational Regional Grouping Schemes Fit International Business Research Models?, 44 Journal of International Business Studies 451-474 (2013)
(with
Ricardo Flores
,
Ruth V. Aguilera
and
Arash Mahdian
)
Immigrant Remittances and the Venture Investment Environment of Developing Countries, 42 Journal of International Business Studies 1121-1149 (2011)
Are Technology-Intensive Industries More Dynamically Competitive? No and Yes, 21 Organization Science 271-289 (2010)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Chandler's Living History: The Visible Hand of Vertical Integration in 19th Century America Viewed Under a 21st Century Transaction Costs Economics Lens, 47 Journal of Management Studies 859-883 (2010)
(with
Marcelo Bucheli
and
Joseph T. Mahoney
)
Transactions Costs Economics, Knowledge Transfer and Universal Ethical Business Norms in Multinational Enterprises, 2 International Journal of Strategic Change Management 269-297 (2010)
(with
Norman Bowie
)
Changing Corporate Effects on US Business Performance Since the 1970s, 1 International Journal of Strategic Change Management 377-400 (2009)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Residual State Ownership, Policy Stability and Financial Performance Following Strategic Decisions by Privatizing Telecoms, 40 Journal of International Business Studies 621-641 (2009)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
How Do MNCs Vote in Developing Country Elections?, 51 Academy of Management Journal 21-44 (2008)
Risk and Capital Structure in Asian Project Finance, 25 Asia Pacific Journal of Management 25-50 (2008)
(with
Barclay James
and
Ruth V. Aguilera
)
Elections, Opportunism, Partisanship and Sovereign Ratings in Developing Countries, 10 Review of Development Economics 154-170 (2006)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
and
Steven A. Block
)
Counting the Investor Vote: Political Business Cycle Effects on Sovereign Bond Spreads in Developing Countries, 36 Journal of International Business Studies 62-88 (2005)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
and
Steven A. Block
)
Is Performance Driven by Industry- or Firm-Specific Factors?: A Response to Hawawini, Subramanian and Verdin, 26 Strategic Management Journal 1075-1081 (2005)
(with
Gerry McNamara
and
Federico Aime
)
Crisis and Competition in Expert Organizational Decision Making: Credit Rating Agencies and Their Response to Turbulence in Emerging Economies, 15 Organization Science 687-703 (2004)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
The Price of Democracy: Sovereign Risk Ratings, Bond Spreads and Political Business Cycles in Developing Countries, 23 Journal of International Money and Finance 917-946 (2004)
(with
Steven A. Block
)
Same as it Ever Was: The Search for Evidence of Increasing Hypercompetition, 24 Strategic Management Journal 261-278 (2003) (selected by Emerald Management Reviews as one of the top 50 management research articles published in 2003)
(with
Gerry McNamara
and
Cynthia Devers
)
The International Control Conundrum with Exchange Risk: An EVA Framework, 32 Journal of International Business Studies 813-832 (2001)
(with
Laurent Jacque
)
Creative Destruction in the Internet Economy: The Internet's Impact on Enterprise Valuation, 40 Communications & Strategies 193-210 (2000)
(with
Lee W. McKnight
)
The Influence of Competitive Positioning and Rivalry on Emerging Market Risk Assessment, 31 Journal of International Business Studies 337-348 (2000)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)

Book Chapters

Legal Leapfrogging? Legal System and Rule of Law Effects on Cross-listing to Bond by Emerging-market Firms, in Technological Leapfrogging and Innovation in Africa: Digital Transformation and Opportunity for the Next Growth Continent (Ethné Swartz, Caren Brenda Scheepers, Adam Lindgreen, Shumaila Yousafzai & Marianne Matthee, eds., Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023)
(with
Joel Malen
and
Ivy Zhang
)
State Ownership and Project Financing, in The Oxford Handbook of State Capitalism and the Firm  (Mike Wright, Geoffrey T. Wood, Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra, Pei Sun, Ilya Okhmatovskiy & Anna Grosman, eds., Oxford University Press, 2022)
(with
Barclay E. James
)
Minority Rules: Credible State Ownership and Investment Risk Around the World, in Academy of Management Annual Meetings Best Papers Proceedings (Leslie Toombs, ed., Academy of Management, 2013)
(with
Barclay James
)
How and Why Credit Assessors "Get it Wrong" When Judging the Risk of Borrowers: Past and Present Evidence at Home and Abroad, in A Debtor World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Debt (Robert Lawless, Ralph Brubaker & Charles Tabb, eds., Oxford University Press, 2013)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Electoral and Market Rivalry in Developing Country Sovereign Risk Assessment, in Academy of Management Annual Meetings Best Papers Proceedings (George T. Solomon, ed., Academy of Management, 2008)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Political and Competitive Rivalry in Developing Country Sovereign Risk Assessment, in Academy of International Business Annual Conference Proceedings (2008)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Is It All a Matter of Grouping?: Examining the Regional Effect in Global Strategy, in International Strategic Management: A New Generation 209-228 (Stephen Tallman, ed., Edward Elgar Publishers, 2007)
(with
Ruth V. Aguilera
and
Ricardo Flores
)
Legal System and Rule of Law Effects on US Cross-Listing to Bond by Emerging-Market Firms, in Academy of Management Annual Meetings Best Papers Proceedings (George T. Solomon, ed., Academy of Management, 2007)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
New Methods for Ex Post Evaluation of Regional Grouping Schemes in International Business Research: A Simulated Annealing Approach, in Research Methodology in Strategy and Management 161-190 (David J. Ketchen & Donald D. Bergh, eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, 2007)
(with
Ruth V. Aguilera
and
Ricardo Flores
)
Home Country Governance Quality and the "Bonding" Hypothesis: Evidence From Industrialized, Emerging-Market and Less-Developed Countries, in Transformations in Global Governance: Implications for Multinationals & Other Stakeholders 264-297 (Sushil Vachani, ed., Edward Elgar Publishers, 2006)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
How Do Long-Term Project Investors "Vote" in Developing Country Elections?, in Academy of Management Annual Meetings Best Papers Proceedings (K. Mark Weaver, ed., Academy of Management, 2006)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
Innovation and Creative Destruction in Emerging Markets: The Impact of State Commitments on Privatizing Telecoms, in Rethinking Rights and Regulations: Institutional Responses to New Communication Technologies 367-396 (Lorrie Cranor & Steven Wildman, eds., MIT Press, 2003)
(with
Lee W. McKnight
,
Burkhard N. Schrage
and
Raul Katz
)
Creative Destruction in Japanese Telecoms and Internet Issues: A Survey of Issues, in Creative Destruction: Business Survival in the Global Internet Economy v-x (Lee W. McKnight, Paul M. Vaaler, Raul Katz & Asahiko Isobe, eds., Toyo Kezai Press, 2002)
(with
Lee W. McKnight
and
Raul Katz
)
Strategic Decision-Making in the Entrepreneurial Millennium: Competition, Crisis and "Expert" Risk Assessment of Emerging Market Sovereigns, in Creating Value: Winners in the New Business Environment 188-212 (Michael A. Hitt, Raphael Amit, Charles Lucier & R. D. Nixon, eds., Blackwell Publishers, 2002) (selected by Strategic Management Society as top 10 papers presented at 2000 SMS annual conference; McKinsey Prize finalist)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
A Tale of Two Citis: Understanding the Paradox of Product Innovation and Imitation Strategies in Multinational Financial Institutions, in Financial Innovations and the Welfare of Nations: How Cross-Border Transfers of Financial Innovations Nurture Emerging Capital Markets 223-246 (Laurent Jacque & Paul M. Vaaler, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001)
Creating and Destroying Shareholder Value Across Borders, in Creative Destruction: Business Survival in the Global Internet Economy 145-166 (Lee W. McKnight, Paul M. Vaaler & Raul Katz, eds., MIT Press, 2001)
Introduction to Creative Destruction, in Creative Destruction: Business Survival in the Global Internet Economy 3-20 (Lee W. McKnight, Paul M. Vaaler & Raul Katz, eds., MIT Press, 2001)
(with
Lee W. McKnight
and
Raul Katz
)
Some Arguments for Universal Ethics within the Multinational Corporation, in International Business Ethics: Challenges and Approaches 231-250 (Georges Enderle, ed., University of Notre Dame and Hong Kong University Press, 1999)
(with
Norman Bowie
)
A Descriptive Alternative to Cluster Analysis: Understanding Strategic Group Performance with Simulated Annealing, in Statistical Models for Strategic Management 81-111 (Michel Ghertman, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997)
(with
Isaac Fox
and
Shaker Srinivasan
)

Editorials, Commentary & Letters

Empire Building Has Always Come at an Economic Cost for Russia – From the Days of the Czars to Putin’s Ukraine Invasion, The Conversation, Oct. 13, 2023
(with
Christopher Hartwell
)
The Link Between Trump’s Impeachment Trial and US Democracy, Johannesburg Star, January 16, 2020
How Remittances of Migrants Are Reshaping the Developing World, Johannesburg Star, Dec. 3, 2019
Notice Anything Missing from that Airline Route Map?  Like Israel or Taiwan?, Star Tribune, July 30, 2019 (op-ed)
(with
Joel Waldfogel
)
Remiss on Remittances, The Economist, Sept. 19, 2015 (letter to editor)
(with
Marek Hanusch
)

Other Publications

Managing, Theorizing, and Policymaking in an Age of Sociopolitical Uncertainty: Introduction to the Special Issue, 6 Journal of International Business Policy 133–140 (2023)
(with
Timothy M. Devinney
,
Christopher A. Hartwell
and
Jennifer Oetzel
)
Remittances Go Beyond Helping Families to Funding Small Businesses, World Bank “Let’s Talk Development” Blog, Sept. 8, 2015
(with
Marek Hanusch
)
Cabbies and Capital: Migrants are Re-shaping the Developing World, EIX: Entrepreneur and Innovation Exchange Blog, June 18, 2015
Credit Ratings and Fiscal Responsibility (MFM Global Practice Discussion Paper, No. 4., World Bank, 2015)
(with
Marek Hanusch
)
Migrant Remittances, Capital Constraints and New Business Starts in Developing Countries, 8 Macroeconomic and Fiscal Management MFM Practice Notes 1-4 (2015)
(with
Marek Hanusch
)
Remittances and Private Capital Transfers, in Terra Rancha! A Fresh Start: Quinquennial Country Economic Memorandum for Guinea-Bissau 237-248 (World Bank, 2015)
Credit Rating Agencies in Emerging Democracies: Guardians of Fiscal Discipline? (World Bank Working Paper WPS6379, World Bank, 2013)
(with
Marek Hanusch
)
Explaining the Rise of Diaspora Engagement Institutions (IMI WP78, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford, 2013)
(with
Alan Gamlen
,
Michael Cummings
and
Laura Roussouw
)
Residual State Factors, Policy Stability and Financial Performance Following Strategic Decisions by Privatizing Telecoms (UIUC College of Business Working Paper 07-0102, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
Are Technology-Intensive Industries More Dynamically Competitive? No and Yes (UIUC College of Business Working Paper 06-0124, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Electoral Politics and Foreign Project Investment in Developing Countries (UIUC College of Business Working Paper 06-0125, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006)
Legal System and Rule of Law Effects on Cross-Listing to Bond by Emerging-Market Firms (UIUC College of Business Working Paper 06-0126, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
Risk and Capital Structure in Asian Project Finance (UIUC College of Business Working Paper 06-0127, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006)
(with
Barclay James
and
Ruth V. Aguilera
)
Note on Agencies and Sovereign Ratings During Emerging-Market Financial Crises: 1997-1998, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B231-RN002 (2004)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Note on Agencies and the Sovereign Rating Industry, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B231-RN001 (2004)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
Privatizing Telecoms and Residual State Influence on Financial Performance (SMU Working Paper, Singapore Management University Working Paper Series, Singapore Management University, 2004)
(with
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
Democracy's Spread: Elections and Sovereign Debt in Developing Countries (WDI Working Paper No. 575, William Davidson Institute for International Business Working Paper Series, University of Michigan, 2003)
(with
Steven A. Block
and
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
Democratization's Risk Premium: Partisan and Opportunistic Business Cycle Effects on Sovereign Ratings in Developing Countries (WDI Working Paper No. 546, William Davidson Institute for International Business Working Paper Series, University of Michigan, 2003)
(with
Steven A. Block
and
Burkhard N. Schrage
)
Is Dynamic Competition Greater in Technology Intensive Industries? (Working Paper No. RPP-2003-06, Regulatory Policy Program Working Paper Series, Center for Business & Government, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2003)
(with
Gerry McNamara
)
The Price of Democracy: Sovereign Risk Ratings, Bond Spreads and Political Business Cycles in Developing Countries (CID Working Paper No. 82, Center for International Development Working Paper Series, Harvard University, 2001)
(with
Steven A. Block
)
The Privatization of Anatolia National Telekom (Harvard Business School Publishing Case Numbers 9-801-431 to 9-801-439 inclusive, Harvard Business School Publishing, 2001) (Negotiation Simulation Case Including: 1) General Instructions for Participants; 2) Confidential Instructions for Participants (6); 3) Note on Privatizing Enterprise Valuation in Emerging Markets; 4) Confidential Instructor's Note; and 5) Spreadsheet Data and Program for Valuing Privatizing Enterprises)
(with
Banu Ozcan
,
Burkhard N. Schrage
and
Michael Watkins
)
Telecoms in Transition: Survival and Success in the Global Internet Economy, 24 Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 103-121 (2000)
(with
Peter Cukor
,
Raul Katz
and
Lee W. McKnight
)
A Tale of Two Thai Technology Transfers, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B235 001 (1999)
(with
Pratana Vongpivat
)
Creative Destruction of Just Destruction?, in Telecoms in Transition: Survival and Success in the Global Internet Economy, Symposium Proceedings (1999)
(with
Peter Cukor
,
Raul Katz
and
Lee W. McKnight
)
Judo Economics Exercise: Challenging a State-Owned Enterprise (INSEAD Case Publishing Number 12/1999-4869, INSEAD Case Publishing, 1999)
(with
Daniel Wegiel
and
Soumitra Dutta
)
LOT Polish Airlines (INSEAD Case Publishing Numbers 06/1999-4837 to 06/1999-4838 inclusive, INSEAD Case Publishing, 1999) (Teaching Case Including: 1) Case A: Adapting to a Revolution; 2) Case B: Competing with Private Challengers; and 3) Confidential Instructor's Note)
(with
Daniel Wegiel
and
Soumitra Dutta
)
Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations and Sovereign Risk-Ratings: Ratings Data Report for 1980-1999, Fletcher Hitachi Center for Technology and International Affairs Research Series Report, FHCTIA-001 (1999)
(with
Steven Block
and
Phil Uhlmann
)
Risky Business and Real Options: The Case of Ausgold and Overseas Mining Concession Valuation, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B230-001 (1998)
The Privatization of Verbundnetz Gaz AG, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B260 001 (1998)
(with
Lisa Bozoyan
)
Twilight of the Multinational Firm?, 22 Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 117-124 (1998) (reviewing John H. Dunning, Alliance Capitalism and Global Business (Routledge, 1997), Benjamin Gomes-Casseres, The Alliance Revolution: The New Shape of Business Rivalry (Harvard University Press, 1996) & James F. Moore, The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems (Harper Business, 1996)) (review essay)
Some Constructive Skepticism About the Origins of Profit (FTC Working Paper, US Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Economics, Line of Business Program, 1997)
(with
Isaac Fox
and
Shaker Srinivasan
)
Markets and Firms: Student Note Introducing the Theory of the Firm and Transaction Cost Economics, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B225-SN001 (1996)
Mr. Anderson Goes to Sotheby’s: An Uneasy Alliance of Competitors, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B225-002 (1996)
Nestle and the UK Instant Coffee Industry: Testing the Structure-Conduct-Performance Hypothesis, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B225-001 (1996)
Stakeholder Analysis and the Role of Ethics in Management: Student Note, Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy International Business Relations Case Program, Case No. FLD-EIB B225-SN002 (1996)

Doctoral Theses

First-Mover Advantage and Repeat Pioneering with Global Financial Innovations (1997) (unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota)